Ev Charger Technologies

Itekhnoloji yokutshaja i-EV e-China nase-United States iyafana ngokubanzi. Kuwo omabini la mazwe, iintambo kunye neeplagi zezona teknoloji zibalaseleyo zokutshaja iimoto zombane. (Ukutshaja okungenacingo kunye nokutshintsha kwebhetri kunobuninzi obuncinci.) Kukho iiyantlukwano phakathi kwamazwe amabini ngokubhekiselele kumanqanaba okutshaja, imigangatho yokutshaja kunye nemigaqo yonxibelelwano. Oku kufana kunye nomahluko kuxoxwa ngezantsi.

A. Amanqanaba okuTjaja

EUnited States, ukutshaja okukhulu kwe-EV kwenzeka kwii-volts ze-120 kusetyenziswa iindonga zasekhaya ezingalungiswanga. Oku kwaziwa ngokubanzi njengeNqanaba loku-1 okanye ukutshaja “kweqhinga”. Ngokutshaja kweNqanaba loku-1, ibhetri ye-30 kWh eqhelekileyo ithatha malunga neeyure ezili-12 ukusuka kwi-20% ukuya kuphantse ukutshajiswa ngokupheleleyo. (Akukho zixhobo ze-volt eziyi-120 eTshayina.)

Kuzo zombini i-China kunye ne-United States, ukutshaja okukhulu kwe-EV kwenzeka kwi-220 volts (e-China) okanye i-240 volts (eUnited States). EUnited States, oku kwaziwa njengeNqanaba lesi-2 lokutshaja.

Ukutshaja okunjalo kunokwenzeka ngeendawo ezingalungiswanga okanye izixhobo zokutshaja ze-EV ezikhethekileyo kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenzisa malunga ne-6–7 kW yamandla. Xa itshaja nge-220–240 volts, ibhetri ye-30 kWh eqhelekileyo ithatha malunga neeyure ezi-6 ukusuka kwi-20% ukuya kwintlawulo ephantse izele.

Ekugqibeleni, zombini i-China kunye ne-United States zineenethiwekhi ezikhulayo ze-DC fast charges, ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenzisa i-24 kW, i-50 kW, i-100 kW okanye i-120 kW yamandla. Ezinye izitishi zinokubonelela ngama-350 kW okanye nama-400 kW amandla. Ezi tshaja zikhawulezayo ze-DC zinokuthatha ibhetri yesithuthi ukusuka kwi-20% ukuya phantse intlawulo epheleleyo ngamaxesha aqala malunga neyure ukuya kwimizuzu eli-10.

Uluhlu 6:Amanqanaba okutshaja axhaphakileyo e-US

Umthombo: iSebe lezaMandla lase-US

B. Imigangatho yokuTyala

i. eTshayina

I-China inomgangatho wokutshaja okhawulezayo we-EV kwilizwe lonke. I-US inemigangatho emithathu yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwe-EV.

Umgangatho waseTshayina waziwa njenge-China GB/T. (Amagama okuqalaGBmele umgangatho wesizwe.)

I-China GB / T yakhululwa kwi-2015 emva kweminyaka emininzi yophuhliso.124 Ngoku inyanzelekile kuzo zonke iimoto zombane ezitsha ezithengiswa eChina. Ii-automakers zamazwe ngamazwe, kuquka iTesla, iNissan kunye neBMW, baye bamkela umgangatho we-GB / T kwii-EV zabo ezithengiswa eChina. I-GB/T okwangoku ivumela ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kubuninzi be-237.5 kW yemveliso (kwi-950 V kunye ne-250 amps), nangona ezininzi

Iitshaja ze-DC zaseTshayina ezikhawulezayo zibonelela nge-50 kW yokutshaja. I-GB / T entsha iya kukhutshwa kwi-2019 okanye i-2020, eya kubikwa ukuba iphucula umgangatho ukubandakanya ukushaja ukuya kwi-900 kW kwiimoto ezinkulu zorhwebo. I-GB / T ngumgangatho we-China kuphela: ii-EV ezimbalwa ezenziwe e-China ezithunyelwa ngaphandle zisebenzisa ezinye imigangatho.125

Ngo-Agasti 2018, iBhunga loMbane laseChina (CEC) libhengeze imemorandam yokuqonda kunye nenethiwekhi ye-CHAdeMO, esekelwe eJapan, ukuphuhlisa ngokudibeneyo ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza. Injongo kukuhambelana phakathi kwe-GB / T kunye ne-CHAdeMO yokuhlawula ngokukhawuleza. Le mibutho mibini iya kusebenzisana ukwandisa umgangatho ukuya kumazwe angaphaya kweTshayina neJapan.126

ii. Amazwe Amanyene

EUnited States, kukho imigangatho emithathu yokutshaja kwe-EV ye-DC yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza: CHAdeMO, CCS SAE Combo kunye neTesla.

I-CHAdeMO yayingumgangatho wokuqala we-EV wokutshaja ngokukhawuleza, oqala ngo-2011. Yaphuhliswa yiTokyo

I-Electric Power Company kwaye imele "i-Charge to Move" (i-pun in Japanese) .127 I-CHAdeMO okwangoku isetyenziswa e-United States kwi-Nissan Leaf kunye ne-Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV, ephakathi kwezithuthi zombane ezithengiswa kakhulu. Impumelelo yeLeaf eUnited States inokubaUKUSHAJA ISITHUTHI SOMbane ETSHAYINA NASEUNITED STATES

ENERGYPOLICY.COLUMBIA.EDU | FEBRUWARI 2019 |

ngenxa yenxalenye yokuzibophelela kukaNissan kwangethuba ekukhupheni i-CHAdeMO ebiza iziseko zophuhliso ezikhawulezayo kwiindawo zokuthengisa nezinye iindawo ezisezidolophini.128 Ukususela ngoJanuwari 2019, bekukho ngaphezulu kwe-2,900 yeetshaja ezikhawulezayo ze-CHAdeMO eUnited States (kunye nangaphezulu kwe-7,400 eJapan kunye ne-7,900 eYurophu).129

Ngo-2016, i-CHAdeMO ibhengeze ukuba iza kuphucula umgangatho wayo ukusuka kwinqanaba lokuqala lokutshaja lama-70.

kW iza kubonelela nge-150 kW.130 NgoJuni ka-2018 i-CHAdeMO ibhengeze ukuqaliswa kwe-400 kW amandla okutshaja, isebenzisa i-1,000 V, 400 amp amp liquid-cooled cables. Intlawulo ephezulu iya kufumaneka ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zezithuthi ezinkulu zorhwebo ezifana neelori kunye neebhasi.131

Umgangatho wesibini wokutshaja e-United States waziwa ngokuba yiCCS okanye i-SAE Combo. Ikhutshwe kwi-2011 liqela laseYurophu kunye nabavelisi beemoto base-US. Ilizwiikhomboibonisa ukuba iplagi iqulathe ukutshaja kwe-AC (ukuya kuma-43 kW) kunye nokutshaja kwe-DC.132 Ngaphakathi

IJamani, umanyano lweCharIN Interface Initiative (CharIN) lwasekwa ukuze luxhase ukwamkelwa ngokubanzi kweCCS. Ngokungafaniyo ne-CHAdeMO, iplagi yeCCS yenza ukuba i-DC kunye ne-AC ihlawule nge-port enye, ukunciphisa indawo kunye nokuvuleka okufunekayo kumzimba wesithuthi. Jaguar,

IVolkswagen, iGeneral Motors, iBMW, iDaimler, iFord, iFCA kunye neHyundai ixhasa iCCS. U-Tesla uphinde wajoyina i-coalition kwaye ngoNovemba i-2018 ibhengeze izithuthi zayo eYurophu ziza kuxhotyiswa nge-CCS yokutshaja izibuko.133 I-Chevrolet Bolt kunye ne-BMW i3 ziphakathi kwee-EV ezithandwayo e-United States ezisebenzisa i-CCS ukutshaja. Ngelixa iitshaja ezikhawulezayo ezikhoyo zeCCS zibonelela ngokutshaja okumalunga nama-50 kW, inkqubo ye-Electrify America iquka ukutshaja okukhawulezayo okungama-350 kW, okunokwenza ukuba itshajise iphantse iphelele kwimizuzu nje eli-10.

Umgangatho wesithathu wokutshaja e-United States uqhutywa nguTesla, owasungula inethiwekhi yeSupercharger yobunikazi eUnited States ngoSeptemba 2012.134 Tesla

Ii-Supercharger zisebenza nge-480 volts kwaye zibonelela ngokutshaja kubuninzi be-120 kW. Njengoko

kaJanuwari 2019, iwebhusayithi yeTesla idwelise iindawo ezingama-595 zeSupercharger e-United States, kunye neendawo ezongezelelweyo ezingama-420 “ezizayo kungekudala.”135 NgoMeyi ka-2018, uTesla ucebise ukuba kwixesha elizayo ii-Supercharger zayo zinokufikelela kumanqanaba ombane ukuya kuthi ga kwi-350 kW.136

Kuphando lwethu lwale ngxelo, sibuze abantu ebekusenziwa udliwano-ndlebe nabo base-US ukuba bakuthathele ingqalelo ukunqongophala komgangatho omnye wesizwe wokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwe-DC njengomqobo kukwamkelwa kwe-EV. Bambalwa abaphendula ngokuvumayo. Izizathu zokuba imigangatho yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kweDC ayithathwa njengengxaki ibandakanya:

● Uninzi lokutshaja kwe-EV lwenzeka ekhaya nasemsebenzini, kunye neetshaja zeNqanaba 1 nelesi-2.

● Ubuninzi bezibonelelo zokutshaja zikawonke-wonke kunye nendawo zokusebenza ukuza kuthi ga ngoku sele zisebenzise iitshaja zeNqanaba 2.

● Iiadaptha ziyafumaneka ezivumela abanini be-EV ukuba basebenzise uninzi lweetshaja ezikhawulezayo ze-DC, nokuba i-EV kunye netshaja zisebenzisa imigangatho yokutshaja eyahlukileyo. (Eyona nto iphambili, inethiwekhi ye-Tesla supercharging, ivulekele kuphela izithuthi zeTesla.) Ngokucacileyo, kukho iinkxalabo malunga nokukhuselwa kwee-adapters zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza.

● Ekubeni iplagi nesiqhagamshelanisi simele ipesenti encinci yeendleko zesikhululo sokutshaja ngokukhawuleza, oku kunika umngeni omncinci wobugcisa okanye wemali kubanini-sitishi kwaye unokuthelekiswa nemibhobho yepetroli yeoctane eyahlukileyo kwisikhululo samafutha. Uninzi lwezikhululo zokutshaja zikawonke-wonke zineeplagi ezininzi ezincanyathiselwe kwindawo enye yokutshaja, evumela naluphi na uhlobo lwe-EV ukuba luhlawule apho. Ngokwenyani, amagunya amaninzi afuna okanye akhuthaze oku.UKUSHAJA ISITHUTHI SOMbane ETSHAYINA NASEUNITED STATES

38 | IZIKO LOMGAQO-NKQUBO WAMANDLA WEHLABATHI | E-COLUMBIA SIPA

Abanye abenzi beemoto bathi inethiwekhi yokutshaja ngokukodwa imele isicwangciso sokhuphiswano. UClaas Bracklo, intloko ye-electromobility kwi-BMW kunye nosihlalo we-Charin, wathi kwi-2018, "Siseke i-Charin ukwakha isikhundla samandla." I-137 Abanikazi abaninzi be-Tesla kunye nabatyali-mali bajonga inethiwekhi yayo ye-supercharger yendawo yokuthengisa, nangona uTesla eqhubeka ebonisa. ukuzimisela ukuvumela ezinye iimodeli zemoto ukuba zisebenzise uthungelwano lwayo ngaphandle kokuba zinegalelo lenkxaso-mali ngokulinganayo nokusetyenziswa.138 I-Tesla ikwayinxalenye ye-CharIN yokukhuthaza. CCS. NgoNovemba ka-2018, yabhengeza ukuba iimoto zeModel 3 ezithengiswa eYurophu ziya kuza zixhotyiswe ngamazibuko eCCS. Abanini beTesla banokuphinda bathenge i-adapters ukufikelela kwi-CHAdeMO iitshaja ezikhawulezayo.139

C. IiProthokholi zoNxibelelwano lokuTjaja Ukutshaja iiprothokholi zonxibelelwano ziyimfuneko ukuze kunyuswe ukutshaja ngokweemfuno zomsebenzisi (ukubona imeko yentlawulo, amandla ombane ebhetri kunye nokhuseleko) kunye negridi (kubandakanywa

umthamo womnatha wokusabalalisa, ixesha lokusetyenziswa kwexabiso kunye nemilinganiselo yokuphendula imfuno) .140 I-China GB / T kunye ne-CHAdeMO basebenzisa i-protocol yonxibelelwano eyaziwa njenge-CAN, ngelixa i-CCS isebenza kunye ne-PLC protocol. Iiprothokholi zonxibelelwano ezivulekileyo, ezifana ne-Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) ephuhliswe yi-Open Charging Alliance, ziya zithandwa kakhulu e-United States naseYurophu.

Kuphando lwethu lwale ngxelo, uninzi lodliwano-ndlebe lwase-US lukhankanye inyathelo lokuya kwiiprothokholi zonxibelelwano oluvulekileyo kunye nesoftware njengeyona nto iphambili kumgaqo-nkqubo. Ngokukodwa, ezinye iiprojekthi zokuhlawulisa zikawonke-wonke ezifumene inkxaso-mali phantsi koMthetho wokuBuyisa nokuTyalwa ngokutsha kweMelika (i-ARRA) zicatshulwe njengabakhethe abathengisi abanamaqonga obunini abathe emva koko bafumana ubunzima bezemali, beshiya izixhobo ezaphukileyo ezifuna ukutshintshwa. uthungelwano oluqhagamshelwe kolu phononongo lubonise inkxaso kwiiprothokholi zonxibelelwano oluvulekileyo kunye nenkuthazo zokwenza ukuba iinginginya zokutshaja zenethiwekhi zitshintshe ngaphandle komthungo. ababoneleli.142

D. Iindleko

Iitshaja zasekhaya zitshiphu e-China kunase-United States. E-China, i-7 kW eqhelekileyo eludongeni oluxhonywe kwitshaja yasekhaya ithengiswa kwi-intanethi phakathi kwe-RMB 1,200 kunye ne-RMB 1,800.143 Ukufakela kufuna iindleko ezongezelelweyo. (Uninzi lwezinto ezithengiweyo ze-EV zabucala ziza netshaja kunye nofakelo olubandakanyiweyo.) EUnited States, iNqanaba 2 yeetshaja zasekhaya zibiza kuluhlu lwe-$450-$600, kunye ne-avareji eqikelelwa kwi-$500 yokufakela.144 DC izixhobo zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza zixabisa kakhulu omabini la mazwe. Iindleko ziyahluka ngokubanzi. Enye ingcaphephe yaseTshayina ekwenziwa udliwano-ndlebe kuyo ngale ngxelo iqikelela ukuba ukufakela isithuba sokutshaja se-50 kW DC e-China kubiza phakathi kwe-RMB 45,000 kunye ne-RMB 60,000, kunye nesithuba sokutshaja ngokwaso sibalelwa malunga ne-RMB 25,000 - RMB 35,000 kunye nekhebhuli, iziseko ezingundoqo eziphantsi komhlaba kunye nokubalwa kwabasebenzi. kwintsalela.145 EUnited States, ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza kweDC kunokubiza amashumi amawaka eedola ngeposi nganye. Izinto eziphambili ezichaphazela iindleko zokufakela izixhobo zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza ze-DC ziquka imfuno yokugalela amanzi, ukuphuculwa kwe-transformer, iisekethe ezintsha okanye eziphuculweyo kunye neepaneli zombane kunye nokuphuculwa kobuhle. Imiqondiso, imvume kunye nokufikelela kwabakhubazekileyo yingqwalasela eyongezelelweyo.146

E. Ukutshaja okungenazingcingo

Ukutshaja okungenazingcingo kunika iingenelo ezininzi, kubandakanya ubuhle, ukonga ixesha kunye nokulula kokusetyenziswa.

Yayifumaneka kwi-1990 ye-EV1 (imoto yombane yangaphambili) kodwa inqabile namhlanje.147 Iinkqubo zokutshaja ezingenazintambo ze-EV ezinikezelwa uluhlu lwe-intanethi kwiindleko ukusuka kwi-$ 1,260 ukuya malunga ne-$ 3,000.148 yokutshaja kwe-Wireless EV ithwala isohlwayo sokusebenza kakuhle, kunye neenkqubo zangoku ezibonelela ngokufanelekileyo ukutshaja malunga ne-85%.149 Iimveliso zokutshaja ezingenazingcingo zangoku zibonelela ngogqithiso lwamandla we-3–22 kW; iitshaja ezingenazingcingo ezifumaneka kwiimodeli ezininzi ze-EV ukusuka kwi-Plugless charge nokuba yi-3.6 kW okanye 7.2 kW, elingana neNqanaba 2 lokutshaja. kwaye uninzi lwabavelisi beemoto babhengeze ukuba baya kubonelela ngokutshaja ngaphandle kwamacingo njengokhetho kwii-EVs ezizayo. Ukutshaja okungenazingcingo kunokuba nomtsalane kwizithuthi ezithile ezineendlela ezichaziweyo, ezinjengeebhasi zikawonke-wonke, kwaye kuye kwacetywa kwakhona iindlela zeendlela zombane zexesha elizayo, nangona ixabiso eliphezulu, ukusebenza kakuhle kokutshaja okuphantsi kunye nezantya zokutshaja ezicothayo ziya kuba yingxaki.152

F. Ukutshintsha ibhetri

Ngetekhnoloji yokutshintsha ibhetri, iimoto zombane zinokutshintshisa iibhetri zazo eziphelelweyo kwezinye ezihlawuliswe ngokupheleleyo. Oku kungalenza lifutshane kakhulu ixesha elifunekayo lokutshaja kwakhona i-EV, enenzuzo ebalulekileyo enokubakho kubaqhubi.

Izixeko ezininzi zaseTshayina kunye neenkampani zizama ngokutshintshisa ibhetri, ngokugxila ekusetyenzisweni okuphezulu kwee-EVs zeenqwelo, ezifana neeteksi. Isixeko sase-Hangzhou sisebenzise ukutshintshwa kweebhetri kwiinqanawa zayo zeeteksi, esebenzisa i-Zotye EVs.155 yaseBeijing eyenziwe yasekhaya iye yakha izikhululo ezininzi zokutshintsha ibhetri kwimigudu exhaswa yi-BAIC ye-automaker yendawo. Ekupheleni kwe-2017, i-BAIC ibhengeze isicwangciso sokwakha izikhululo ze-3,000 zokutshintshiselana kwilizwe lonke ngo-2021.156 I-Chinese EV yokuqalisa i-NIO iceba ukwamkela iteknoloji yokutshintsha ibhetri kwezinye zezithuthi zayo kwaye yabhengeza ukuba iya kwakha izikhululo zokutshintsha i-1,100 e-China.157 Izixeko ezininzi zase-China- kuquka iHangzhou kunye neQingdao-ziphinde zasebenzisa ukutshintshwa kwebhetri kwiibhasi.158

EUnited States, ingxoxo yokutshintsha ibhetri yaphela emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwe-2013 ye-Battery-Swap startup yase-Israel iProjekthi eNgcono yeNdawo, eyayicwangcise inethiwekhi yezikhululo zokutshintsha iimoto ezihamba ngeemoto. indawo yokubonisa, igxeka ukunqongophala komdla wabathengi. Bambalwa ukuba kukho naziphi na iimvavanyo eziqhubekayo malunga nokutshintsha kwebhetri e-United States namhlanje.154 Ukwehla kweendleko zebhetri, kwaye mhlawumbi ukuya kwinqanaba elincinci lokusasazwa kweziseko ezingundoqo zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kwe-DC, mhlawumbi kunciphise umtsalane wokutshintsha ibhetri kwi Amazwe Amanyene.

Ngelixa ukutshintsha ibhetri kunika iingenelo ezininzi, kunemiqobo ephawulekayo ngokunjalo. Ibhetri ye-EV inzima kwaye ihlala ibekwe ezantsi kwesithuthi, isenza icandelo elidityanisiweyo lolwakhiwo olunonyamezelwano oluncinci lobunjineli ukulungiselela ulungelelwaniso kunye noqhagamshelo lombane. Iibhetri zanamhlanje ngokuqhelekileyo zifuna ukupholisa, kwaye ukudibanisa kunye nokukhupha iinkqubo zokupholisa kunzima.159 Ngenxa yobukhulu kunye nobunzima bazo, iinkqubo zebhetri kufuneka zilungele ngokufanelekileyo ukuphepha ukugoqa, ukunciphisa ukuguga kunye nokugcina isithuthi siphakathi. Uyilo lwebhetri ye-skateboard eqhelekileyo kwii-EV zanamhlanje kuphucula ukhuseleko ngokunciphisa umbindi wesithuthi kunye nokuphucula ukukhuselwa kwengozi ngaphambili nangasemva. Iibhetri ezisuswayo ezibekwe kwi-trunk okanye kwenye indawo ziyakuswela olu ncedo. Ekubeni uninzi lwabanini bezithuthi luhlawulisa ikakhulu ekhaya okanyeUKUSHAJA ISITHUTHI SOMbane ETSHAYINA NASEUNITED STATESemsebenzini, ukutshintsha ibhetri akuyi kusombulula imiba yeziseko ezingundoqo zokutshaja- kuya kunceda kuphela ukulungisa ukutshajiswa koluntu kunye noluhlu. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwee-automakers abafuni ukubeka emgangathweni iipakethi zebhetri okanye uyilo-iimoto ziyilwe ngeenxa zonke iibhetri zabo kunye neenjini, okwenza oku kube yeyona nto ibalulekileyo yexabiso160-ukutshintsha ibhetri kunokufuna inethiwekhi yesikhululo esahlukileyo kwinkampani nganye yemoto okanye izixhobo zokutshintsha ezahlukeneyo kwiimodeli ezahlukeneyo kunye. ubukhulu bezithuthi. Nangona iilori zokutshintsha iibhetri eziphathwayo sele zicetyiwe,161 le modeli yeshishini ayikaphunyezwa.